Please discuss the concept of "Total Quality Management" and explain how TQM can be used to improve a company's performance.
The following report deals with the concept of “Total Quality Management”, and aims to discuss the ways in which it can improve a company’s performance. Griffin/Ebert defines TQM (short for total quality management) as “the sum of all activities involved in getting high-quality products into the marketplace”.
Of course, every company constantly tries to improve the quality of its products in order to be competitive in the market. The starting points for this goal, as well as for TQM are the consumer needs. All activities of a business have to participate to the goal of satisfying the customers in a way that is outstanding and makes the customer choose the business’s products over the products offered by its competitors.
TQM is a very effective approach to achieve this goal, but it is also a very demanding concept. It requires total participation of all employees, and moreover continuous improvement of the firm’s products and internal processes.
The process of incorporating and running a total quality management system requires four major steps. First of all, the planning of the production process is essential. In other words, the management has to set goals for the performance quality (which are the performance features offered by a product) and the quality reliability (the consistency of a product´s quality from one unit to another).
Subsequently, the organization of the quality is mandatory. As organizing is generally defined as the process of allocating resources within a company, this of TQM requires the management to decide what and how many resources it wants to involve in the quality control process. Mainly, this decision will determine how many employees will be employed in the quality department (labour resources will be allocated).
Thirdly, directing the employees in order to make them perform as well as they can and ultimately make them accept the concept of quality ownership, which is the idea that quality belongs to each employee and can be influenced by every single person.
The final step in the TQM-process is the controlling for quality. It can be said, that this is the most obvious step in this chain. Here, the company monitors products and services in order to detect mistakes and make corrections.
In conclusion it can be said that on the one hand, TQM requires a lot of work and commitment by the entire organization but on the other hand, it can help a company significantly with improving the quality of its products and internal process. Nevertheless, a cost-benefit analysis should be conducted before such a complex system is introduced, as it should produce a positive financial outcome for the business.
Re: Practicing Report Phrases June-July 2006
Re:Please compare the terms "absolute advantage" and "comparative advantage". When does a country have one or the other?
The following report will compare and discuss the absolute advantage and the comparative advantage.
First of all the report will give a brief overview of the theoretical fundament. Thereafter it will provide some practical examples for a better understanding.
Starting off with the term “absolute advantage”, the authors Griffin/Ebert define it as the one advantage which lets a country produce something more efficient than every other country. An example for this could be a unique physical resource.
On the other hand, a comparative advantage is an advantage the makes a country more productive to only a few countries.
This could be illustrated by means of the following example: Austria produces skis more efficient than Germany and Italy, but as efficient as America.
A good practical example for an absolute advantage is Brasil and their steal production. They have this advantage in steal production because they have the necessary physical resources to produce very good steal for a cheap price.
Total Quality Management
The following report deals with the productivity of goods and services and how they can be measured in a company. In general productivity means how to create the most output with less input an refers to both, quantity and quality.
First of all the author would like to point out that in the last decades the market in Europe as well as in the USA changed from a sellers market to a consumer market. Enough products are available in the market and it is very important for companies to rise their productivity to stay competitive.
According to Griffin/Ebert total quality management is one of those possibilities. Total quality management involves all activities in getting high quality products into the marketplace and must consider all areas of business like customers, employees and suppliers. Customer focus is the starting point. To set up TQM in a company first of all managers must plan for production processes. They have to secure that only the best materials are used and that the workers do not make any mistakes. Another important point is to set up goals. Furthermore the author would like to stress that producing high quality goods and services requires and effort from all parts of an organisation and employees have to be motivated and trained very well. The last step is to establish controlling tools to make sure that products or service leaving the company have the quality customers expect.
Indeed it is hard work to set up TQM in a company but it is also true that it can give a comparative advantage which is very important in nowadays high-fought marketplace.
"absolute advantage" and "comparative advanta
This report points out the differences between “absolute advantage” and “comparative advantage”. But first of all the author would like to explain the background why those two words have become such popular in the last years.
More and more companies engage in international business, the world is fast becoming an interdependent system – this process is called globalisation. The number of imports, this means a product made abroad is sold domestically, increases. This also applies to exports, this means a product made domestically is sold abroad. International trade is becoming very important to most nations. This fact shows that it is necessary that companies have an competitive advantage. There exists two different types of competitive advantage. On the one handside a company could have an absolute advantage which is the ability to produce something more efficiently than any other country can. On the other handside a company could have a comparative advantage which is the ability to produce some products more efficiently or better than other products.
Although international trade has many advantages it can pose problems if a country´s imports and exports do not strike an acceptable balance. Therefore economists use two different types of financial ratios. The balance of trade is the economic value of all goods and services a country imports minus the economic value of all goods and services it exports. This leads to a trade deficit or a trade surplus. The balance of payment measures all money into or out of a country.
To summarise the above points, one can state that the process of globalisation will grow up in the next years and will become more and more important in futures´ economy.
Re: reportOriginal
The following report deals with the productivity. In particular it explains all the important decisions, which have to be made with respect to total quality management.
As you can imagine it is difficult to distinguish between quality and productivity. Productivity refers to both the quantity and the quality of a product. While producers have traditionally focused more on the quantity features, quality has become an invaluable competitive factor. Productivity can be measured on many levels, namely national productivity, industry-wide productivity, company-wide productivity, departmental productivity, and individual productivity.
This leads me to total quality management. According to Griffin/Ebert, total quality management includes all of the activities necessary for getting high quality goods and services into the marketplace. Therefore, customer focus is the starting point for total quality management. Under closer consideration, it becomes obvious that total quality management involves planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. In detail, it illustrates seven tools that can be used in context of total quality management. First, statistical process control seems to be of significant importance. It refers to methods for gathering data to analyze variations in production activities in order to see when adjustments are needed. Process variation studies and control charts are two of the most common methods used in statistical process control. Second tool I the value-added analysis. This tool gives you the answer of the most important question in particular how the evaluation of all work activities, material flows, and paperwork determine the value that they add for customer.
The next tool called competitive product analysis. This is the process by which a company analyses a competitor’s product to identify desirable improvements in its own. Others tools are quality/cost studies, quality improvement teams, getting closer to the customer, and benchmarking. Particularly, benchmarking is a process by which a company implement the best practices from its own past performance and those of other companies to improve its own products. With, internal benchmarking, a firm tracks its own performance over time to evaluate progress and set goals for improvement. On the other hand, external benchmarking begins with a review of competitors or even companies to determine which products perform best.
To avoid any future mistakes it is necessary to establish specific standards and measurements because this is the only way to measure difference of quality and productivity. According to Griffin/Ebert suggest various methods of improving a company’s quality standard, namely supply chain management, continuous improvement, employee empowerment, and six sigma method.
The next step manager must motivate employees to achieve quality goods. Furthermore, it is necessary that every department consider the important of the customer’s needs and wants.
To conclude it can be said that it is relevant to use all tools of total quality management and to avoid any malfunctions of the product.
Korrektur
The following report deals with productivity. In particular, it explains all the important decisions which have to be made with respect to total quality management.
As you can imagine, it is difficult to distinguish between quality and productivity. Productivity refers to both the quantity and the quality of a product. While producers have traditionally focused more on the quantity features, quality has become an invaluable competitive factor. Productivity can be measured on many levels, namely national productivity, industry-wide productivity, company-wide productivity, departmental productivity, and individual productivity.
This leads me to total quality management. According to Griffin/Ebert, total quality management includes all of the activities necessary for getting high quality goods and services into the marketplace. Therefore, customer focus is the starting point for total quality management. Under closer consideration, it becomes obvious that total quality management involves planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. In detail, it illustrates seven tools that can be used in context of total quality management. First, statistical process control seems to be of significant importance. It refers to methods for gathering data to analyze variations in production activities in order to see when adjustments are needed. Process variation studies and control charts are two of the most common methods used in statistical process control. The second tool I would like to discuss is value-added analysis. This tool gives you the answer toone of the most important business-related questions, in particular, how all work activities, material flows, and paperwork add value for the customer.
The next tool is called competitive product analysis. This is the process by which a company analyses a competitor’s product to identify desirable improvements in its own. Others tools are quality/cost studies, quality improvement teams, getting closer to the customer, and benchmarking. Particularly, benchmarking is a process by which a company implements the best practices from its own past performance and those of other companies to improve its own products. With, internal benchmarking, a firm tracks its own performance over time to evaluate progress and set goals for improvement. On the other hand, external benchmarking begins with a review of competitors or other companies to determine which products perform best.
To avoid any future mistakes, it is necessary to establish specific standards and measurements because this is the only way to measure differences in quality and productivity. According to Griffin/Ebert, there are various methods of improving a company’s quality standards, namely supply chain management, continuous improvement, employee empowerment, and the six sigma method. As a next step,managers must motivate employees to achieve quality goods. Furthermore, it is necessary that every department consider the importance of the customer’s needs and wants.
To conclude, it can be said that it is relevant to use all tools of total quality management and to avoid any malfunctions of the product.
Das hast Du inhaltlich exzellent vorbereitet!
1) "The following report deals with the productivity": "Productivity" ist etwas Allgemeines, d.h. verwendet man keinen bestimmten Artikel (das wäre z.B. bei "the productivity of the manufacturing industry" anders)
2) "decisions, which have to be made with": Normalerweise sind Kommas nicht so wichtig. Hier darf allerdings keines stehen. Das ist immer dort der Fall, wo wir in Deutsch etwas näher präzisieren und mittels Komma abgrenzen (z.B. "Das betrifft alle wichtigen Entscheidungen, die gemacht werden müssen, um..."). In solchen Fällen gibt es im Englischen kein Komma. Falls Du ein Englisches Rechtschreibprogramm installiert hast, zeigt es Dir bei mangelndem Komma hier nur deshalb eine Fehlermeldung an, weil man strenggenommen "that" statt "which" verwenden sollte (diese Regel kannst Du aber völlig ignorieren- 3/4 der Native Speakers tun das auch).
3) "According to Griffin/Ebert suggest various methods of improving a company’s quality standard": Entweder "According to Griffin/Ebert, there are various methods of improving a company’s quality standards" oder "Griffin/Ebert suggest various methods of improving a company’s quality standard"
4) "and the six sigma method. ": Ich weiss, das hier das "the" ein bisserl dem Punkt 1 widerspricht (d.h. warum hier "the" und bei "productivity" nicht?). Das ist aber so ein Grenzfall- zerbrecht Euch den Kopf nicht allzusehr darüber.
5) "manager must": Wichtig (da in fast jedem Essay zu erwarten)! Wenn man darüber schreibt, was Manager tun werden/sollten, dann verwendet man entweder den Singular ("a manager must") oder den Plural ("managers must"). Anders als auf Deutsch hat das Plural von Manager im Englischen immer ein "S" am Ende.
Re: reportOriginal
The following report deals with the concept of “Total Quality Management”, and aims to discuss the ways in which it can improve a company’s performance. Griffin/Ebert defines TQM (short for total quality management) as “the sum of all activities involved in getting high-quality products into the marketplace”.
Of course, every company constantly tries to improve the quality of its products in order to be competitive in the market. The starting points for this goal, as well as for TQM are the consumer needs. All activities of a business have to participate to the goal of satisfying the customers in a way that is outstanding and makes the customer choose the business’s products over the products offered by its competitors.
TQM is a very effective approach to achieve this goal, but it is also a very demanding concept. It requires total participation of all employees, and moreover continuous improvement of the firm’s products and internal processes.
The process of incorporating and running a total quality management system requires four major steps. First of all, the planning of the production process is essential. In other words, the management has to set goals for the performance quality (which are the performance features offered by a product) and the quality reliability (the consistency of a product´s quality from one unit to another).
Subsequently, the organization of the quality is mandatory. As organizing is generally defined as the process of allocating resources within a company, this of TQM requires the management to decide what and how many resources it wants to involve in the quality control process. Mainly, this decision will determine how many employees will be employed in the quality department (labour resources will be allocated).
Thirdly, directing the employees in order to make them perform as well as they can and ultimately make them accept the concept of quality ownership, which is the idea that quality belongs to each employee and can be influenced by every single person.
The final step in the TQM-process is the controlling for quality. It can be said, that this is the most obvious step in this chain. Here, the company monitors products and services in order to detect mistakes and make corrections.
In conclusion it can be said that on the one hand, TQM requires a lot of work and commitment by the entire organization but on the other hand, it can help a company significantly with improving the quality of its products and internal process. Nevertheless, a cost-benefit analysis should be conducted before such a complex system is introduced, as it should produce a positive financial outcome for the business.
Korrektur
The following report deals with the concept of “Total Quality Management”, and aims to discuss the ways in which it can improve a company’s performance. Griffin/Ebert define TQM (short for total quality management) as “the sum of all activities involved in getting high-quality products into the marketplace”.
Of course, every company constantly tries to improve the quality of its products in order to be competitive in the market. The starting points for this goal, as well as for TQM, are the consumer needs. All activities of a business have to contribute to the goal of satisfying the customers in a way that is outstanding and makes the customer choose the business’s products over the products offered by its competitors.
TQM is a very effective approach to achieving this goal, but it is also a very demanding concept. It requires total participation of all employees, and moreover, continuous improvement of the firm’s products and internal processes.
The process of incorporating and running a total quality management system requires four major steps. First of all, the planning of the production process is essential. In other words, the management has to set goals for the performance quality (which are the performance features offered by a product) and the quality reliability (the consistency of a product´s quality from one unit to another).
Subsequently, the organization of the quality is mandatory. As organizing is generally defined as the process of allocating resources within a company, this requires the management to decide what and how many resources it wants to involve in the quality control process. Mainly, this decision will determine how many employees will be employed in the quality department (labour resources will be allocated).
Thirdly, TQM involves directing the employees in order to make them perform as well as they can and ultimately make them accept the concept of quality ownership, which is the idea that quality belongs to each employee and can be influenced by every single person.
The final step in the TQM-process is controlling for quality. It can be said that this is the most obvious step in this chain. Here, the company monitors products and services in order to detect mistakes and make corrections.
In conclusion, it can be said that on the one hand, TQM requires a lot of work and commitment by the entire organization but on the other hand, it can help a company significantly with improving the quality of its products and internal processes. Nevertheless, a cost-benefit analysis should be conducted before such a complex system is introduced, as it should produce a positive financial outcome for the business.
Ganz hervorragend. Wenn man Deine Antwort mit der Engelchen-Antwort kombiniert, übertrifft man inhaltlich ja beinahe das Griffin/Ebert Kapitel!
1) "Griffin/Ebert defines TQM": Bei Deinem Englischlevel ist die Phrase zwar absolut nachvollziehbar, da Du Dich vermutlich auf das Buch beziehst und d.h. singular. Allerdings würde ich für Menschen, die sich im Englisch nicht völlig sattelfest fühlen, eher den Plural "define" (da zwei Typen) empfehlen. Das ist so eine Formulierung die, wenn sonst kaum Grammatikfehler sind, sehr treffsicherer Feinschliff ist. Falls aber im Resttext viele Grammatikfehler sind, würde man das als Leser eher auch als Grammatikfehler interpretieren.
2) "It can be said, that ": Bei dieser Phrase hätten wir auf Deutsch ein Komma ("Es kann gesagt werden, dass..."), im Englischen aber nicht (grundsätzlich vor "that" als Übersetzung von "dass" nie)
Re: Practicing Report Phrases June-July 2006 Original
The following report will compare and discuss the absolute advantage and the comparative advantage.
First of all the report will give a brief overview of the theoretical fundament. Thereafter it will provide some practical examples for a better understanding.
Starting off with the term “absolute advantage”, the authors Griffin/Ebert define it as the one advantage which lets a country produce something more efficient than every other country. An example for this could be a unique physical resource.
On the other hand, a comparative advantage is an advantage the makes a country more productive to only a few countries.
This could be illustrated by means of the following example: Austria produces skis more efficient than Germany and Italy, but as efficient as America.
A good practical example for an absolute advantage is Brasil and their steal production. They have this advantage in steal production because they have the necessary physical resources to produce very good steal for a cheap price.
Korrektur
The following report will compare and discuss the difference between an absolute advantage and a comparative advantage.
First of all, the report will give a brief overview of the theoretical fundament. Thereafter, it will provide some practical examples for a better understanding of the topic.
Starting off with the term “absolute advantage”, the authors Griffin/Ebert define it as the one advantage which lets a country produce something more efficiently than another country. An example for this could be a unique physical resource.
On the other hand, a comparative advantage is an advantage the makes a country more productive in regards to the production of one product than concerning others. The opportunity costs it incurs by producing one type of product are lower than those incurred through the production of other goods and services. This could be illustrated by means of the following example: Germany produces both skis and cars more eficiently than Austria. However, Austria employs comparatively less resources per hour to produce cars than it does to produce skis. The opposite is true of Germany. Therefore, even though Germany can produce both types of goods more efficiently than Austria, both countries will still be better off if Germany focuses only on producing skis and Austria focuses only on producing cars. If they trade the surplus, both countries will end up with more than if each country had produced both types of goods independently.
A good practical example for an absolute advantage is Brasil and its steal production. It has this advantage in steel production because it has the physical resources that are necessary to produce very good steel at a cheap price.
Danke für den fleißigen Einsatz! Den "Comparative Advantage" solltest Du Dir aber nochmals genauer ansehen- ich glaube, den hast Du misverstanden.
1) "will compare and discuss the absolute advantage and the comparative advantage." die beiden "the's" weg, weil hier als grundsätzliche Begriffe (nicht bestimmte) verwendet.
2) "steal": Achtung - das wäre ein Beispiel für einen schweren Rechtschreibfehler. Das bedeutet "stehlen", nicht "Stahl". Da zentraler Wirtschaftsbegriff, bitte einprägen.
3) "is Brasil and its steal production. They have". Länder sind grundsätzlich Singular. Nur bei "United States of America" bzw. "United Arab Emirates" usw. sollte man strenggenommen den Plural verwenden, aber selbst hier wird in der Praxis eher für den Singular optiert.Bearbeitet von: GerhardFenkart am: 7/3/06 11:19
Re: Total Quality ManagementOriginal
The following report deals with the productivity of goods and services and how they can be measured in a company. In general productivity means how to create the most output with less input an refers to both, quantity and quality.
First of all the author would like to point out that in the last decades the market in Europe as well as in the USA changed from a sellers market to a consumer market. Enough products are available in the market and it is very important for companies to rise their productivity to stay competitive.
According to Griffin/Ebert total quality management is one of those possibilities. Total quality management involves all activities in getting high quality products into the marketplace and must consider all areas of business like customers, employees and suppliers. Customer focus is the starting point. To set up TQM in a company first of all managers must plan for production processes. They have to secure that only the best materials are used and that the workers do not make any mistakes. Another important point is to set up goals. Furthermore the author would like to stress that producing high quality goods and services requires and effort from all parts of an organisation and employees have to be motivated and trained very well. The last step is to establish controlling tools to make sure that products or service leaving the company have the quality customers expect.
Indeed it is hard work to set up TQM in a company but it is also true that it can give a comparative advantage which is very important in nowadays high-fought marketplace.
Korrektur
The following report deals with the productivity of goods and services and how they can be measured in a company. In general, productivity compares the quantitative and qualitative output of a business process to its input.A general challenge for managers in any century is finding ways to provide
the most output with the least input in regards to both quantity and quality.
First of all, the author would like to point out that in the last decades, the markets in both Europe and the USA have changed from sellers' markets to consumer markets. Enough products are available in the market and it is very important for companies to raise their productivity in order to stay competitive.
According to Griffin/Ebert, total quality management is one way to improve productivity. Total quality management involves all activities involved in getting high quality products into the marketplace and must consider all areas of business like customers, employees and suppliers. Customer focus is the starting point. To set up TQM in a company, first of all, managers must plan for production processes. They have to secure that only the best materials are used and that the workers do not make any mistakes. Another important point is to set up goals. Furthermore, the author would like to stress that producing high quality goods and services requires an effort from all parts of an organisation and employees have to be motivated and trained very well. The last step is to establish controlling tools to make sure that products leaving the company have the quality customers expect.
Indeed it is hard work to set up TQM in a company but it is also true that it can give a comparative advantage which is very important in the currenthard-fought marketplace.
Vielen Dank! Vor allem die Einzelschritte des TQM hast Du gut beantwortet. Zu den Methoden der Produktivitätssteigerung fehlen inhaltlich noch ein paar Vorschläge (siehe Engelchen bzw. NeoSB-Antworten).
1) "In general, productivity means how to create the most output with less input an refers to both, quantity and quality.": Achtung bei solchen Sätzen. Was Du da beschreibst ist eine Strategie, die Produktivität zu optimieren, aber nicht Produktivität selbst.
2) "the market in Europe as well as in the USA": Schöner und simpler wäre "the markets in both Europe and the USA"
3) "rise": ansteigen= "rise", aktive etwas erhöhen= "raise"
4) "total quality management is one of those possibilities": Kann man an dieser Stelle nicht verwenden, weil im vorigen Abschnitt ein Satz wie z.B. "There are various possibilities through which to improve productivity."
5) "to make sure that products or services leaving the company": Achtung - der Begriff "products" umfasst auch "services", nicht nur "goods"
Re: "absolute advantage" and "comparative advOriginal
This report points out the differences between “absolute advantage” and “comparative advantage”. But first of all the author would like to explain the background why those two words have become such popular in the last years.
More and more companies engage in international business, the world is fast becoming an interdependent system – this process is called globalisation. The number of imports, this means a product made abroad is sold domestically, increases. This also applies to exports, this means a product made domestically is sold abroad. International trade is becoming very important to most nations. This fact shows that it is necessary that companies have an competitive advantage. There exists two different types of competitive advantage. On the one handside a company could have an absolute advantage which is the ability to produce something more efficiently than any other country can. On the other handside a company could have a comparative advantage which is the ability to produce some products more efficiently or better than other products.
Although international trade has many advantages it can pose problems if a country´s imports and exports do not strike an acceptable balance. Therefore economists use two different types of financial ratios. The balance of trade is the economic value of all goods and services a country imports minus the economic value of all goods and services it exports. This leads to a trade deficit or a trade surplus. The balance of payment measures all money into or out of a country.
To summarise the above points, one can state that the process of globalisation will grow up in the next years and will become more and more important in futures´ economy.
Korrektur
This report points out the differences between “absolute advantage” and “comparative advantage”. But first of all, the author would like to explain the background and the reasons for why these two words have become so popular in the last years.
More and more, companies engage in international business, and the world is fast becoming an interdependent system – this process is called globalisation. The number of imports (i.e. products that are made abroad and sold domestically), has increased. This also applies to exports, (i.e. products made domestically and sold abroad). International trade is becoming very important to most nations. This fact shows that it is necessary for companies to have an competitive advantage. There are two different types of competitive advantage. On the one hand, a company could have an absolute advantage, which is the ability to produce something more efficiently than any other company can. On the other hand, a company could have a comparative advantage, which is the ability to produce some products more efficiently or better than other products. This occurs whenever lower opportunity costs are incurred by producing one type of product than another.
Although international trade has many advantages, it can pose problems if a country´s imports and exports do not strike an acceptable balance. In order to measure this balance, economists use two different types of financial ratios. The balance of trade is the economic value of all goods and services a country imports minus the economic value of all goods and services it exports. This leads to a trade deficit or a trade surplus. The balance of payment measures all money that has flowed into or out of a country.
To summarise the above points, one can state that the process of globalisation will hasten in the next years and will become more and more important in the economy of the future.
Danke für den fleißigen Einsatz! Inhaltlich bestens beantwortet.
1) "the author would like to explain the background why those two words have become such popular in the last years.": "Background" kann man nicht als Synonym für "Gründe" verwenden.
2) "The number of imports, this means a product made abroad is sold domestically,...": Hier wäre besser "The number of imports, (i.e. products that are made abroad and sold domestically), ...". Das "this means" mitten im Satz als Übersetzung von "d.h." liest sich im Englischen nicht wirklich gut, d.h. arbeitet man im Gegensatz zur deutschen Sprache meist mit Klammern.
3) "There exists two different types of competitive advantage.": Entweder "There are two different types of competitive advantage." oder "Two different types of competitive advantage exist."
4) "a company could have an absolute advantage, which is the ability to produce something more efficiently than any other country can.": Da es sich bei den Begriffen Absolute/Comparative Advantage um makroökonomische Begriffe handelt, wäre "country" tatsächlich besser. Da Du aber auf Company-Ebene begonnen hast, musst Du es dann auch konsequent durchziehen.
5) "On the other handside": Achtung! Entweder "on the other hand" oder "on the other side"
6) "Therefore economists use two different types of financial ratios": "Therefore" bedeutet "Deshalb", nicht "Dafür"
7) "The balance of trade is the economic value of all goods and services a country imports minus the economic value of all goods and services it exports.": Wie schon in einem anderen Text angeführt, ist diese Definition die "Griffin/Ebert Definition" und d.h. akzeptiere ich sie natürlich voll und ganz bei der Prüfung. Die allgemein anerkannte Formel ist aber umgekehrt, nämlich Exports-Imports.
Re: "absolute advantage" and "comparative advIhr macht's das trotz des schönen Wetters wunderbar! Hier die nächste Frage:
Exercise 5:
Choose various essay writing/presentation phrases we've worked through and use them in context of answering the following question:
Please define the term "electronic information technologies" and discuss at least four different examples for current electronic information technologies.
Remember: The focus of the exercise is not primarily content. Rather, the aim is to increase your level of comfort with various elegant writing phrases.
3)Please discuss the two steps managers must take in order to develp a formal organizational structure.
This reprt will deal with the topic of "organizing a business". First, it will offer some theoretical fundament and definitions by
the authors Griffin/Ebert. This is followed by some praxis-orientated examples. At last this report will provide a short conclusion.
To develop a formal organizational structure, managers must take two steps. The first step is the job spezialtion. The managers must
decide what tasks have to be done by one position. Put simple, they must define"who will do what".
The second step is the departmentalization. In this context, the managers groupe the diffrent job position to whether a product,
process, geographical, functional or customer department.
The last point to be considered is the disrtibution of authority. The authority can be distributed through a centralized or
decentralized chain of command. An example for the first case is a line authority and an example for the latter case is a staff
authority.
After all is said and done, it is very hard to develop such a formal organization.
Undoubtedly, the mangagers must have good decision making skills.
Nonetheless a good implemented formal organization is the fundament for high productivity.
TQM
The following report deals with how to improve a company’s performance. In particular, it explains how a company and their employees can improve productivity and the quality of products in order to have satisfied customers. Therefore, the theoretical background of the total quality management is described. Finally, it will discuss the combination of quality and productivity.
According to some CEO’s of big companies, the total quality management is very important for all areas in a company. In consideration of international trade and the competition of other products, it is very important in getting high quality goods into the marketplace. For the abovementioned reasons, a company has to focus strongly on customer wants and has to motivate all employees to continually improve of the quality of processes in the company.
In order to reach a high quality standard, the following steps must be considered. The first step is the planning and organizing process. In this case, the performance and the reliability must be involved. Therefore the improvement of the consistency of product quality from one finished product to the next is essential. The second step is the directing and controlling process. This means that employees must be motivated to accept quality steps. For this reason every employee must carry out the new processes to raise the productivity and the quality of the products. In this context checklists must be filled out to control the implementation of the quality processes in the company.
This leads the author to the question which tools of TQM should be used. The value added analyses evaluate all work activities and material flows from production to customers. In this case, the management finds expensive and unnecessary processes in their company. For this reason, the abovementioned processes can be new organised with higher productivity and quality standards.
Another possibility to raise the quality of the products is the competitive product analysis. Therefore, the product of the competition is analysed and compared with our products. In consideration of the result, there must be done improvements in the production.
In order to implement this theory in practice, ISO 9000 is an international quality standard certification. A company must follow certain quality management standards. Moreover, a company can give the certification on the label of their product and so customers know exactly that they buy a high quality product.
Regarding to the abovementioned certificate, the customer’s satisfaction is a very important point in the TQM. For this reason, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy should not be forgotten. This means, the employees must be well trained and must help customers with their skills and knowledge when they have problems or questions straight away.
In conclusion there are several arguments in favour of implementing a total quality management. Firstly, ISO 9000 certification shows the customer the high quality of the product. Secondly, the productivity rises, because processes of the production are regularly controlled and improved. Moreover, the quality of products also rises. This leads to the result that TQM means a constant improvement in the productivity and in the quality of a product.
Re: Practicing Report Phrases June-July 2006 - exercise 2
Nowadays international trade is a very important part of the competitive economy.
Therefore, this report deals with implementing import and export strategies in the company XY, especially the two forms of competitive advantage, namely, absolute and comparative advantage.
First of all, it will discuss the theoretical fundament related to this section. Thereafter, it will give suggestions for implementing this abovementioned theoretical fundament into the company XY.
Many countries and companies have cooperated in the past. They have opened their borders and trade with each other, because not every country is able to produce everything that it needs.
This is also known as globalization a “process by which the world economy is becoming a single interdependent system” according to Griffin/Ebert.
There are 3 important marketplaces in the world, North America, Europe and Pacific Asia which host the biggest importers and exporters.
As mentioned above there exists a competitive advantage on producing goods (more or less efficiently) between trading countries and companies.
Firstly, there is the absolute advantage and secondly, the comparative advantage.
The authors Griffin/Ebert define the absolute advantage “if a country produces something more efficiently than another country”. An example helps to visualise this definition: X only needs 2 hours to produce a laundry machine and Y needs 4 hours. For the reason mentioned above, X has the absolute advantage. On the other hand the comparative advantage occurs if a country produces one good more efficiently than another country, which means that a product would not be produced to produce more of another product that are opportunity costs. As before an example is advantageous: X can produce 4 laundry machines and 2 hovers and Y can produce 3 laundry machines and 3 hovers. This means that X has the comparative advantage in producing laundry machines and Y in producing hovers.
There are also some factors on which the competitive advantage depends to do international trade, namely, factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries and strategies, structures and rivalries.
Re: electronic information technologies
Please define the term "electronic information technologies" and discuss at least four different examples for current electronic information technologies.
In a society, where having and using the right information becomes more and more essential for the success of a company, managers have to determine which electronic information technologies should be used.
The following report defines the term “electronic information technologies” and gives some important examples of contemporary technologies, which are able to improve the process efficiency of every single business.
Griffin/Ebert defines the expression “electronic information technologies” as “information-system appliances that use a data communications network to transport information by electronic means”. EITs enhance productivity and performance by speeding up the internal communication within a business and the external communication with other firms.
As there are several possible types of electronic information technologies, this report will shortlist them in order to discuss the four most important EITs.
First of all, e-mail has to be mentioned as this technology has significantly changed the way in which people all over the world communicate. Electronic mail is a free, quick and very convenient way of sending information. The sender simply has to type in his or her message and sent it to the recipient, without even leaving the workplace.
Secondly, the fax machine has become a very usual EIT. This appliance enables the user to send documents via the normal phone-line without using a computer. The big advantage of a fax machine is that it makes signing and returning an important document much easier.
Another clever development of the last couple of years is electronic conferencing. Managers can get together to discuss important and confidential topics even though they aren´t at the same place. E-conferencing simply uses the internet to create a virtual meeting room.
Finally, an exciting new EIT mustn’t be forgotten: Groupware. This type of software connects people who work on the same project and makes the communication within the group much easier and more efficient. This technology will gain importance, as more and more companies us project-oriented organizational structures which require a solid communication platform for the participants.
Summarizing, one can say that electronic information technologies are in a constant development process and will become more and more meaningful for companies, as controlling the information streams within a company is changing into a very complex task. Bearbeitet von: NeoSB am: 7/3/06 15:46
Re: Practicing Report Phrases June-July 2006 - exercise 4
How should a country reduce the level of imports?
This report discusses the abovementioned problem, firstly that not every company should go international and secondly the different trade barriers.
First of all, it will focus on the theoretical fundaments of these 2 sections. Thereafter, it will give suggestions for implementing these theoretical fundaments into the country’s laws.
Today the markets are overstocked by imported goods.
If every company would think accurately about going international, there would not be so many importers. There have to be focused on the following 4 facts. At the beginning there should be clarified if there exists a demand for the product. Afterwards it is important that the product could be modified for the foreign market taste. Also if the foreign country is suited to imports and last but not least the importer should have the necessary skills and knowledge about trading.
That are the possibilities to avoid too many importers from the importers side and now the report will focus on the possibilities for a country to control the number of imports by trade barriers.
Griffin/Ebert mentioned 3 differences of abovementioned possibilities, namely, social and cultural differences, economic differences and legal and political differences, but this report will only concentrate on legal and political differences.
As a first measure, there’s the possibility of setting quotas. A quota is a restriction for a certain amount of a special product from a certain importer. A total ban on imports occurs by embargoes. So quotas control the amount of imported products.
Secondly, tariffs are special taxes on goods. There are two different types of tariffs, revenue and protectionist tariffs. Revenue tariffs yield income for the government, in the long run this additional tax leads to higher consumer prices. On the other hand, protectionist tariffs are only for foreign companies and should protect the domestic industry.
Similar to the protectionist tariffs are the subsidies, they have the same aim. These are payments from the government to domestic suppliers to support them against foreign companies.
Finally government can pass these laws mentioned below to control the level of imports, namely, local content law and business practice law.
Answer Exercise 5 - Sonja Ponsold
The following report will deal with the concept of “Total Quality Management”. Firstly, the connection between productivity and quality will be explained. Afterwards, the report will describe briefly the goals of TQM. Thirdly, the important steps of quality management are given and finally, there are several TQM tools listed which can be used to improve a company’s performance.
According to Griffin/Ebert, there is a strong connection between productivity which measures the economic performance, and quality. The productivity is low when customers reject low-quality goods. In case of high competition, productivity is a key factor and therefore companies have to take quality management as an important business aspect into consideration.
In theory and praxis, the TQM focuses on high-quality goods and services and so it covers all activities to produce/offer them. Next to the production, companies which operate at a good TQM, take care about their stakeholders, i.e. customers, suppliers and so forth. In addition TQM also requires a continuous improvement of internal processes, such as accounting, billing, information management and further more.
In order to implement this theory in practice, it is necessary to follow the 4 well known steps of management: planning, organization, directing and controlling. Quality standards need to be set, consistency of quality needs to achieved, the awareness of all quality aspects needs to be created among all employees and in consequence quality ownership needs to be transferred from the management to all individual contributors and, last but not least, quality standard controls need to be established.
Of course, there are some tools like the statistical process control, benchmarking or quality/cost studies which companies can use to improve their overall performance and productivity.
Finally, customers will judge the result of a firm's TQM in buying or refusing the offered goods and/or services.
Imports
This report deals with the various legal measures a country can take to reduce the level of imports. The author would like to state that the government can affect international business in many ways, this report will give you a short overview.
Firstly there is the possibility to set quotas which restrict the number of certain products that can be imported. This leads to higher prices because less products are available in the market. The ultimate quota is an embargo. In this case the government forbid to export or import a certain product. The reason for the above mentioned sanction is that the government wants to protect domestic economy, because some products can be produced much cheaper in other countries. Another possibility is to set tariffs which are taxes on imported products. There are two different types. On the one hand there are revenue tariffs which are imposed to raise money for governments and on the other hand there are protectionist tariffs which are meant to discourage particular imports. Furthermore the government could also pay subsidies to companies to protect domestic business at the expenses of free market competition.
As you can see there are a lot of trade barriers which can be set by the government to protect the domestic market. As a consequence it can be very difficult for a company to enter a foreign market.
report
ELECTRONIC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
There are different electronic information technologies used in daily business life. The most common technologies are Fax machines or E-mails. But there are other computer based systems like Electronic conferencing that allows people to communicate at the same time from different places via software or telephone or Data conferencing allows people to work on one document at the same time.
Re: "absolute advantage" and "comparative advOriginal
This reprt will deal with the topic of "organizing a business". First, it will offer some theoretical fundament and definitions by
the authors Griffin/Ebert. This is followed by some praxis-orientated examples. At last this report will provide a short conclusion.
To develop a formal organizational structure, managers must take two steps. The first step is the job spezialtion. The managers must
decide what tasks have to be done by one position. Put simple, they must define"who will do what".
The second step is the departmentalization. In this context, the managers groupe the diffrent job position to whether a product,
process, geographical, functional or customer department.
The last point to be considered is the disrtibution of authority. The authority can be distributed through a centralized or
decentralized chain of command. An example for the first case is a line authority and an example for the latter case is a staff
authority.
After all is said and done, it is very hard to develop such a formal organization.
Undoubtedly, the mangagers must have good decision making skills.
Nonetheless a good implemented formal organization is the fundament for high productivity.
Korrektur
This report will deal with the topic of "organizing a business". First, it will offer some theoretical fundament and definitions by
the authors Griffin/Ebert. This is followed by some examples concerning organization that are based on practical experience. At last, this report will provide a short conclusion.
To develop a formal organizational structure, managers must take two steps. The first step is job spezialtion. The managers must
decide what tasks have to be done by one position. Put simply, they must define "who will do what".
The second step is departmentalization. In this context, the managers group the different job positions together into either product,
process, geographical, functional or customer departments.
The last point to be considered is the distribution of authority. The authority can be distributed through a centralized or
decentralized chain of command. An example for the first case would be a line authority and an example for the latter case would be a staff
authority.
After all is said and done, it is very hard to develop such a formal organization. Undoubtedly, the mangagers must have good decision making skills. Nonetheless, a well implemented formal organization is the fundament for high productivity.
Gut beantwortet.
1) "praxis-orientated examples": "examples based on practical experience"
2) "whether" bedeutet "ob", nicht "entweder". "Entweder" ist "either"
3) "An example for the first case is": Faustregel: Ein Satz, der mit "An example for this" sollte mit "would be" weitergeführt werden, nicht "is". "Is" ist zwar häufig ok, "would be" aber immer.
4) "a good implemented": Wenn "gut" von einem Zeitwort gefolgt wird (z.B. "gut implementiert", "gut gemacht"), nimmt man "well" (z.B. "well implemented", "well done")
Re: TQMOriginal
The following report deals with how to improve a company’s performance. In particular, it explains how a company and their employees can improve productivity and the quality of products in order to have satisfied customers. Therefore, the theoretical background of the total quality management is described. Finally, it will discuss the combination of quality and productivity.
According to some CEO’s of big companies, the total quality management is very important for all areas in a company. In consideration of international trade and the competition of other products, it is very important in getting high quality goods into the marketplace. For the abovementioned reasons, a company has to focus strongly on customer wants and has to motivate all employees to continually improve of the quality of processes in the company.
In order to reach a high quality standard, the following steps must be considered. The first step is the planning and organizing process. In this case, the performance and the reliability must be involved. Therefore the improvement of the consistency of product quality from one finished product to the next is essential. The second step is the directing and controlling process. This means that employees must be motivated to accept quality steps. For this reason every employee must carry out the new processes to raise the productivity and the quality of the products. In this context checklists must be filled out to control the implementation of the quality processes in the company.
This leads the author to the question which tools of TQM should be used. The value added analyses evaluate all work activities and material flows from production to customers. In this case, the management finds expensive and unnecessary processes in their company. For this reason, the abovementioned processes can be new organised with higher productivity and quality standards.
Another possibility to raise the quality of the products is the competitive product analysis. Therefore, the product of the competition is analysed and compared with our products. In consideration of the result, there must be done improvements in the production.
In order to implement this theory in practice, ISO 9000 is an international quality standard certification. A company must follow certain quality management standards. Moreover, a company can give the certification on the label of their product and so customers know exactly that they buy a high quality product.
Regarding to the abovementioned certificate, the customer’s satisfaction is a very important point in the TQM. For this reason, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy should not be forgotten. This means, the employees must be well trained and must help customers with their skills and knowledge when they have problems or questions straight away.
In conclusion there are several arguments in favour of implementing a total quality management. Firstly, ISO 9000 certification shows the customer the high quality of the product. Secondly, the productivity rises, because processes of the production are regularly controlled and improved. Moreover, the quality of products also rises. This leads to the result that TQM means a constant improvement in the productivity and in the quality of a product.
Korrektur
The following report deals with how to improve a company’s performance. In particular, it explains how a company and its employees can improve productivity and the quality of its products in order to ensure satisfied customers. Therefore, it will cover the theoretical background of total quality management . Finally, it will discuss the combination of quality and productivity.
According to some CEO’s of big companies, total quality management is very important for all areas in a company. In consideration of international trade and the competitive effect of other products, it is very important to get high quality goods into the marketplace. For the abovementioned reasons, a company has to focus strongly on customer wants and has to motivate all employees to continually improve the quality of processes in the company.
In order to reach a high quality standard, the following steps must be considered. The first step is the planning and organizing process. In this case, the performance and the reliability must be analyzed. In order to do this, the improvement of the consistency of product quality from one finished product to the next is essential. The second step is the directing and controlling process. This means that employees must be motivated to accept quality ownership. For this reason, every employee must carry out the new processes to raise the productivity and the quality of the products. In this context, checklists must be filled out to control the implementation of the quality processes in the company. Additionally, employees should be motivated to make suggestions for quality improvement.
This leads the author to the question of which tools of TQM should be used. The value added analysis evaluates all work activities and material flows from production to customers. In this case, the management identifies expensive and unnecessary processes in its company. For this reason, the abovementioned processes can be newly organised at higher productivity and quality standards.
Another possibility to raise the quality of the products is the competitive product analysis. In order to carry out this type of analysis, the product of the competition is analysed and compared with the company's ownproduct. In consideration of the result, improvements must be carried out concerning the production.
In order to implement this theory in practice, ISO 9000 is an international quality standard certification. A company must follow certain quality management standards. Moreover, a company can include the certification on the label of its product and so customers know exactly that they are buying a high quality product.
Regarding the abovementioned certificate, the customer’s satisfaction is a very important point in TQM. For this reason, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy should not be forgotten. This means that the employees must be well trained and must help customers with their skills and knowledge when they have problems or questions straight away.
In conclusion, there are several arguments in favour of implementing total quality management. Firstly, ISO 9000 certification shows the customer the high quality of the product. Secondly, the productivity rises, because processes of the production are regularly controlled and improved. Moreover, the quality of products also rises. This leads to the result that TQM means a constant improvement in the productivity and in the quality of a product.
Hallo, hallo, Herr Harrer! Das wird ja immer besser bei Dir. Logischerweise gibt's noch Sprachfehler, aber Du hast da wirklich sehr schön verschiedene Report Phrases eingearbeitet und Struktur gefielen mir gut. Auch der Inhalt gefiel mir gut (zwekcs Vervollständigung siehe Dir hier noch die beiden Aufsätze von NeoSB und Engelchen an). Weiter so!
1) "Therefore, the theoretical background of the total quality management is described.": Achtung bei "Therefore": Es bedeutet "Deshalb", nicht "dafür". In diesem Satz passt das zwar gut, weil man ruhig "deshalb" verwenden kann, aber trotzdem Vorsicht bei der Prüfung.
2) "Therefore, the theoretical background of the total quality management is described. Finally, it will": Noch ein Punkt. Da Du die gesamte Einleitung elegant mit "the report will", "it will" usw. in aktiver Form schreibst, funktioniert zwischendurch der passive Satz ("background... will be described") hier nicht. Es gibt zwar durchaus Situationen, wo das ginge, aber hier gilt wieder: sicher ist sicher, gleiche Form für gesamte Einleitung beibehalten (dann kann nichts schiefgehen).
3) "the total quality management ": Nur "total quality management ", da Allgemeinbegriff (anders wäre z.B. the total quality management policy of General Electric)
4) "Therefore the improvement of the consistency of product quality from one finished product to the next is essential.": Hier jetzt ein Beispiel wo "Therefore" gerade nicht mehr geht (da es hier eindeutig "dafür" bedeuten soll). Verwende "In order to do this," bzw. "For this to work successfully,"
5) "This leads the author to the question which tools of TQM should be used": Sehr gute Formulierung- errinere Dich aber daran, dass nach "question" ein "of" gehört
6) "new organised": Ähnlich wie im vorigen Aufsatz ein Tipp war, ein durch Zeitwort gefolgtes "good" in "well" umzuformen, gilt allgemein: Wenn ein Adjektiv von einem Zeitwort gefolgt wird, sollte man es mit "ly" beenden.
7) "Regarding to the abovementioned certificate,": Wieder eine gute Phrase, lasse aber das "to" weg
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